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作文题型及其写作构思

更新时间:2024-03-28 17:22:21

  根据历年考试的情况和考试大纲及新教学大纲的规定,六级考试短文写作大抵有以下几种题型:①提纲作文;②提示作文;③图表作文;④关键词作文;⑤写文章摘要或大意;⑥信函;⑦个人简历等。

  一、提纲作文

  这是一种限制性命题作文,先给出英文作文标题,然后再用英语或汉语列出提纲,要求考生根据所给出的提纲确定写作主题,构思段落模式,写出符合要求、一定字数的短文。提纲作文省却了考生立提纲的构思过程,但从另一角度给考生提出了新的要求:考生必须既紧扣标题,又严格遵守提纲,不能脱离或漏掉提纲规定的作文要点。一般提纲作文给出的提纲有几点,短文就写几段,但如果提纲中仅有二点,则考生可以在构思时增加一个终结段。考生的构思过程主要可从以下几个方面进行:

  1.根据提纲要求设计每段的主题句,注意最好不要逐字翻译提纲。

  2.根据提纲及主题句自由搜索写作素材。

  3.从所搜列的原始素材中为每段选取最能说明问题,也即与短文标题、提纲及主题句最为密切的2~3个要点,注意也要选择考生本人感到最容易下笔的内容。

  二、提示作文

  提示作文也是一种限制性命题作文,给出英文作文标题后,以中文或英文给出一段关于这篇短文写作内容的提示,要求考生按照提示范围

  确定短文主题,先构思写作提纲,再构思短文及段落的展开模式,最后搜索写作素材,选取写作要点。提示作文的提示方式多种多样,除了下面要分节专门讨论的图示和关键词形式外,主要还有①提供几个供选择的建议或方案;②提出几个提示性问题;③提供短文要包含的一些要点;④阐述问题或现象的小段文字。

  三、图表作文

  如前所述,图表作文是一种特殊的提示作文,即提示以图表的形式出现,提示的信息隐含在图表之中。考生必须先仔细研读图表,使图表中的数据、曲线、图形等成为与短文标题相关并能为我所用的有意义的信息。

  考生读图时务必要把握表层信息和深层含义这两方面的内容,主要考的是考生对图表深层次信息(原因、根源、发展可能等)的挖掘和阐述。

  这类作文都可以采用下列统一的标准提纲:

  1.现状――图表揭示的表面现象

  2.原因――引起图表表面现象的深层次社会根源

  3.发展趋势或启示――图表所表述的现象的发展前景(或趋势)及从中我们得到的启示

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  四、关键词作文

  关键词作文也是一种特殊的提示作文。这类题型的提示不再是一段连贯的文字或隐含大量连贯信息的图表,而是由一定话题组合在一起的一组单词或词组。这些词语通常需要全部用到短文中,且往往又是涉及短文主要内容的关键词,这些词一般有与短文内容相关的实义词(包括动词、形容词、名词或副词),和与短文篇章结构相关的连接性词语两类,通常按一定的(先后)顺序或逻辑关系排列。

  这类作文需要考生根据关键词提供的实际上并不连贯的信息片断通过联想来构思短文的主题及提纲,并要求将全部关系词恰到好处地运用在整篇短文中,所以写作起来有一定的难度。六级考试虽把它们为一种题型,但至今未考过。这类作文的构思写作方法:

  1.弄清标题及写作要求,按所给关键词语的顺序进行联想构思,确定前后各词语间的逻辑关系并拟定作文提纲。

  2.根据关键词语的组合合理分段。

  3.正确使用所给的关键词语。既要把所有词语用上,又要用得正确、恰到好处。注意不能只考虑所给词语的使用而忽视了短文内容的合理性、连贯性和切题性。

  五、写文章摘要或大意

  写摘要或大意实际上是书面表达能力的一种应用,当属于应用文写作范畴。这一题型先提供给考生一篇较长的文章,然后要求他在规定的时间及字数范围内写出该文章的摘要或大意。文章摘要或大意是文章主题、主要论点、论据等要点信息的概括和总结。写摘要或大意的目的是要客观、完整、准确、扼要地把原文的主要内容和观点再现在一篇相对较短(约原文的1/4至1/5)的短文里。六级考试至今也尚未考到过该题型。写摘要或大意的方法与步骤: [FS:PAGE]

  1.以较快的速度阅读原文,找出主题和要点等所需信息。

  2.根据这些主要信息,构思这些内容的重组顺序和方式。要求摘要所包含的信息尽可能浓缩、完整、准确。同时,重组一般宜遵循与原文相同的先后顺序。

  3.要忠于原文,不遗漏要点,不添加原文中没有的情节或观点。注意区分原文的要点和细节,并略去细节。

  4.切忌简单拼合原文的要点和主题,要用自己的语言通过浓缩重新组织。

  六、信函

  英文书信是典型的应用文写作,英文书信大抵可分为私人信函与公务信函两大类。公务信函一般为单位之间或单位与个人之间就某些非个人事务而往来的信件。私人信函则是亲朋好友之间就个人事务、情感交流而往来的信件。公务信函比较讲究格式和语体。

  信函的写作主要涉及信函必须遵循的特殊格式,另外英文信函还讲究个“A、B、C”。A即Accuracy-准确,B即Brevity-简洁,C即Clarity―清晰。英文信函的格式。英文书信通常由七个部分组成。它们是信封、信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结尾套语和署名。

  除信封独立于其他六个部分之外,其他六个部分均出现在信纸上。

  信笺包括:①信头

  ②信内地址

  ③称呼

  ④正文

  ⑤结尾客套

  ⑥署名

  ①信头。指发信人地址及日期。位于信笺右上方,先写地址,最后一行写日期。

  ②信内地址。指收信人姓名、地址。信头下隔行靠信笺左侧。公务信函必须写信头和信内地址。

  ③称呼。指对收信人的称谓语。信内地址下隔行顶格书写。

  ④正文。指书信的主体内容。这部分与汉语书信相同。

  ⑤结尾客套。指写信人的谦称。正文下方2~3行从中间偏右处开始书写。常用的谦称客套有(需大写首字母):Yours Faithfully或Faithfully Yours, Yours Truly或Truly Yours,Yours Sincerely或Sincerely(Yours),Yours Ever,Yours Respectfully等。

  ⑥署名。指写信人最后落笔。位于结尾套语下方。

  范文.公务信函――求职信(信头、信内地址略):

  Dear Mr.Cavendish,

  I saw your advertisement in the local paper this evening,and I wonder if you would consider me for a job as a waiter this summer.

  I am seventeen years old and at present am studying for my ‘A' levels in English and economics.When I leave school,I will hope to take a course in hotel management.During the school holidays last summer,I worked as a waiter at the Central Hotel.The head waiter there,Mr.Macintosh,will be pleased to send you a recommendation for me.

  I would prefer to work in your hotel in Filey because it is near my home. However,if there isn't any job there for me,perhaps you could consider me for the Scarborough Hotel.

  I would be pleased if you will send me information about the pay and conditions of the job to be offered.I will be free to begin work in the fourth week of July when the school holidays start.

  Yours Sincerely,

  Peter Tuck

  七、个人简历(Resume)

  个人简历是新大纲上提到的另一种应用文写作题型。简历有普通简历和标准格式简历两种,两种简历格式不同但作用完全一样,都是为了让他人了解自己的年龄、地址、家庭背景、婚姻状况、教育、专业、工作及其他经历等情况。简历要求别人看了能相信你的自我介绍,正是为了提高简历的可信度,写简历的语言要求简洁明了、朴实,忌用华丽的词藻。

  普通简历与一般的自荐信正文相类似,全部个人信息通过一段文字表述。

  例: An Applicant's Resume

  The following is my resume:

  My name is Ho Ping.I was born on May10,1956,in Wujiang City,Jiangsu Province.My father is a professor of chemistry and my mother,a doctor in charge.I received a very good home education,both moral and intellectual,in my childhood.During the six years in the middle school,I was particularly interested in and fairly good at science subjects,In1977,I was admitted into the Civil Engineering Department of Southeast Polytechnic University,where I stayed for four years,majoring in bridge building.Upon graduation with honors in1981,I got a job as an assistant in a research institute.I loved my work and devoted all I had to it.Urged by a strong determination to improve myself in basic knowledge and theories,I began to study in my spare time all the courses required by the graduate program.Three years of hard work has yielded some great progress.Now I seem to have got a better grasp of the fundamentals of my speciality. [FS:PAGE]

  The authorities of the institute in which I am working have always been showing utmost solicitute for my growth and development.To improve my English they sent me to a special English class training personnel to go abroad for advanced studies.What with my hard work and diligence,and what with the loving care and sincere help of the teachers,I made mighty advances in my English.I am sure after a few weeks of adaptation and familiarization I will have no difficulty in functioning on a daily basis in an Englishspeaking society or in participating fully in graduate studies.

  Since my childhood,I have always been trying to cultivate a good character,paying attention to good manners and noble ideas.I frequently examine myself as to whether I am honest and faithful to friends,respectful and responsive to teachers and superiors,loyal and devoted to duties.I put strict demands on my speech and behavior in my daily activities.

  Besides,I am physically strong,which owes greatly to constant training and exercise.It is true that health is the sure guarantee for one's success in career. I have,of course,weaknesses and shortcomings,conspicuous among which are impatience with difficulties and hesitation in making some decisions.I consider them my bitter enemies,which I must make every effort to overcome. Now,I am applying for admission to the Graduate School of Civil Engineering of Yoyo University in the U.S.A. If accepted,I plan to stay there for three years leading to a Ph.D.degree.I hope my further studies as a graduate will help improve my service for my country and its people.

  另有标准格式简历,属表格简历,比较正式,讲究一定的格式和先后顺序。